Among the allegations detailed in the report claims that an Israeli drone killed five children at a cemetery after the offensive began on 5 August last year.
A Palestinian woman drinking tea at home with her family is also alleged to have come under attack.
But the report also states that the deaths of seven civilians were likely to have been caused by a Palestinian rocket that was misfired by militants.
Palestinians inspect the damage to a house following the latest three days of conflict "Operation Breaking Dawn", in Gaza City on August 8, 2022. (Photo by Attia Muhammed/Flash90
It also states that seven remaining civilian deaths involving Palestinians saw remnants of weapons being “immediately removed.”
Lord Carlile, who was the government’s independent reviewer of terrorism legislation from 2001 until 2011, said: “Amnesty’s revelation of possible outrages by Palestinian paramilitaries is as disturbing as any other accusation of war crimes.
“It illustrates the paramount importance of replacing paramilitary action with constitutional engagement, of making Israel and the West Bank places of peace and cooperation. Paramilitary terrorist action can only be destructive and properly is regarded as criminal.”
While the report attempts to blame both sides for civilian deaths, in a more balanced manner than previous Amnesty reports, it is likely to anger pro-Israel campaigners with its reference to “apartheid” being practised in the Occupied territories.
But the new investigation also outlines detailed claims of misconduct by Palestinian terror groups like Islamic Jihad.
Palestinian gunmen (Flash90)
Amnesty concludes in the report that the removal of evidence of attacks in Gaza “matches a pattern identified in past cases where Palestinian rockets have misfired”.
The report adds:”Amnesty believes there is sufficient evidence to indicate the attack on Jabalia refugee camp was the result of a misfiring rocket launched by Palestinian armed groups, apparently targeted towards Israeli territory.
“Researchers identified several commonalities between the attack in Jabalia and previous strikes attributed to Palestinian armed groups. For example, weapons remnants had been removed – this is notable because the Palestinian authorities and armed groups in Gaza generally preserve and display remnants of Israeli weapons and munitions.
“Locals interviewed by Amnesty said they had neither seen nor heard an Israeli warplane or drone before the strike.
“Other residents, who requested anonymity, said they believed a ‘local rocket; was responsible for the attack.
“Two minutes before the strike, the Al-Quds Brigades began sharing on social media a live video of what it described as a volley of rockets being fired towards Israel.
“Like other cases in which similar Palestinian rockets allegedly caused civilian deaths and injuries, the attack on Jabalia camp should be investigated as a possible war crime.”
The report adds that since 2008, Palestinian armed groups have fired thousands of indiscriminate rockets towards Israeli towns and cities – in violation of international law – killing dozens of Israeli civilians.
The unguided rockets used by Palestinian armed groups in Gaza, including the Al-Quds Brigades, are “inherently inaccurate”, state Amnesty.
They add:”Their use in civilian areas violates international humanitarian law and may amount to a war crime. ”
Fighting erupted on 5 August between Israel and Palestinian militants over claims they were planning terrorist attacks inside the Jewish state.
The conflict lasted for three days, with Islamic Jihad firing at least 1,000 rockets into southern Israel.
During the clashes, Israel Defence Forces (IDF) killed two senior Islamic Jihad commanders, on top of arresting another, Bassam al-Saadi, in the occupied West Bank city of Jenin.
Sixty people in Israel suffered minor injuries, but the majority of Islamic Jihad’s projectiles were intercepted by the Iron Dome missile defence system.
In total, 49 Palestinians were killed and at least 360 Palestinians were injured, including 151 children, according to the United Nations.
Amnesty International concluded, based on its research, that 31 civilians were among those killed.
Its assessment is that 33 Palestinians, including 17 civilians, were killed by Israeli forces.
Of the remaining 16 Palestinians who were killed, Amnesty International concluded that 14 were civilians.
Using photographs of weapons fragments, satellite imagery analysis and testimony from dozens of interviews, the report – ‘They were just kids’: Evidence of war crimes during Israel’s August 2022 Gaza offensive – attempts to reconstruct the circumstances around three specific attacks during the offensive.
Two were carried out by Israeli forces and one by a Palestinian armed group.
Amnesty said the two Israeli attacks Amnesty examined in detail killed six Palestinian civilians.
They claim: ”Throughout the offensive the Israeli authorities boasted about the precision of their operation, yet Amnesty found that victims of these ‘precise’ attacks included a four-year-old boy, a teenager visiting his mother’s grave, and a 22-year-old student at home with her family.”
The rights group said they interviewed 42 people, including survivors of the attacks, relatives of those killed or wounded, eyewitnesses and medics.
Since 2012 Amnesty say the Israeli authorities have denied their staff access to the Gaza Strip.
For their latest report Amnesty say they worked with a fieldworker who visited 17 attack sites and collected evidence such as photographs of weapons remnants.
Amnesty insist their weapons expert and Evidence Lab analysed this material, as well as satellite imagery and other open-source data relating to the attacks.
They say they wrote to the Israeli authorities and to Palestinian Islamic Jihad on 30 September, providing a summary of its key findings and requesting comment. It had not received a response from either at the time of publication.
Agnès Callamard, Amnesty International’s Secretary General, said: “Israel’s latest offensive on Gaza lasted only three days, but that was ample time to unleash fresh trauma and destruction on the besieged population.
“The three deadly attacks we examined must be investigated as war crimes – all victims of unlawful attacks and their families deserve justice and reparations.
“As well as investigating war crimes committed in Gaza, the ICC should consider the crime against humanity of apartheid within its current investigation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.”
