From Miniskirt to Hijab by Jacqueline Saper (Potomac Books, £20)
Jewish families oppressed by a grim regime — this story is as old as Pharaoh. But Jacqueline Saper tells it afresh in From Miniskirt to Hijab, her vivid memoir of the 1979 Iranian revolution. Her portrait of a charmed childhood under the last Pahlavi Shah is gilt-framed in nostalgia. What could possibly shatter the peace of Persian Jews, welcomed as “Esther’s children” for 2,500 years?
Jacqueline (named after Jackie Kennedy, her mother’s fashion icon) attended a Jewish school with children of other faiths who also prayed in its synagogue. Girls like Jacqueline read western magazines, listened to Elvis Presley and swam in polka-dot bikinis. Her English mother went out to work and her respected engineer father had met the Shah.
Everyone laughed at their Seder when a cousin joked that they had no reason to recite the toast, “Next year in Jerusalem”, because they already lived in the best place on earth.
Jacqueline could see that 1970s Tehran was not everyone’s idyll. Reza Shah’s spectacular parties highlighted the great divide between the wealthy and the have-nots — like her own family’s maids. In 1975, the Shah abolished the multi-party system and, a year later, the Muslim calendar. Violent demonstrations ensued; anti-Shah strikes brought fuel shortages and bread queues. In the freezing cold, Jacqueline’s father would rise at 6am to queue for supplies.
Three quarters of the 100,000-strong Jewish community fled, including Jacqueline’s brother and, eventually, her older sister. The writing on the walls read, “Death to the Shah”. Jacqueline’s father would not see it. The King of Kings, he judged to be invincible — until 1979, when Iran’s tolerant, affluent and cultured world unravelled.
Saper’s recall of the medieval morality imposed by the returning Ayatollah Khomeini (“the Redeemer”) chills the spine. Doubly discriminated against as Jewish and female, her constrained life could be drawn straight from Margaret Atwood’s Testaments. Barred from higher education, Jacqueline married at 18 and moved, with Ebi, a student doctor, to Shiraz — once, but no longer, the city of wine.
Modesty police stalked the streets and called her a “bloody whore” for failing to wear the veil. Women could not shake hands or smile at men. A TV cleric claimed it was scientifically proven that women’s hair drove men mad. Anyone found drinking alcohol risked a flogging.
To circumvent antisemitism, Jacqueline called herself Jaleh and, like so many, concealed her thoughts, living her internal life under cover of false allegiance.
Escape seemed impossible. Jewish families were prevented from leaving the country together. One such family secured passports by converting to Islam. The longing to leave redoubled when Jacqueline and Ebi’s daughter started first grade, wearing the hijab in a drab and joyless school where she kissed the Ayatollah’s picture.
An opportunity arose when Ebi was invited on to a medical course in Texas and, by some miracle, it was agreed that his wife and two young children could go, too. The young family left with nothing, no household possessions, no jewellery, no promise of work or home, and certainly no matzah. On this essentially secret exodus, they carried just a couple of suitcases and memories untold until now.
Madeleine Kingsley is a freelance writer
