The Italian built on her first-round win over Anastasija Sevastova by beating Brendle 6-4, 6-4 in one hour and 13 minutes on Court 17.
Giorgi, 26, will meet the winner of the match between Katerina Siniakova and Ons Jabeur in round three on Friday.
Her best performance at Wimbledon came in 2012 when she reached the fourth round - her equal best run in a grand slam.
Jonathan Erlich of Israel progressed to the second round of the Men's Doubles after he and Marcin Matkowski of Poland overcame Dutch duo Jonathan Eysseric and Hugo Nys in a close-fought contest in which all three sets were decided by tie-breakers.